U.s. Hegemonic War The Rise Of New Global Powers

Over the years, the world has seen many wars, out of which a lot took place when there was shift in power balance. World War l was thought to be the end of all wars, and then a few years later, World War ll took place. The question that rises today is whether hegemonic war is likely to happen again with the rise of new global powers. Jack Levy describes hegemonic war as one in which the decisive victory of at least one side is both a reasonable possibility and one that would be likely to result in the leadership of dominance by a single state over the system, or at least in the overthrow of an existing leadership of hegemony.† (364-365)The two most probable actors that could get involved in a hegemonic war today are China and the USA. We shall use the realist lens to analyze the likelihood of another hegemonic war America may possess the strongest military force in the World but it needs the participation and support of other states to be able to meet all ends in this complex and interdependent community that has emerged from globalization. The World system may be unipolar in the domain of military, but it is multipolar in the economic realm, with the EU, Japan balancing US economic power1. This interconnected world community decreases the possibility of a hegemonic war. As per Jervis, it is the pluralistic security community that we live in that makes the emergence of a new hegemonic war unlikely. In a pluralistic security community, states join together in order toShow MoreRelatedWhy did the Bretton Woods system came to an end?1504 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Why did the Bretton Woods system come to an end? 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The second assumption is that great powers inherently possess some offensive military capability, which gives them the wherewithal to hurt andRead MoreThe World s Largest Trading Trade Agreement ( Nafta ) Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pages) The USA as Unipolar state : The US after the Cold War, became the unipolar power in the world. The unipolar system possesses only one great power with no competition. If a competitor emerges, the system can no longer be called unipolar. With the end of the Cold War, US emerged as the Unipolar superpower which also ended the traditional â€Å"East vs West’’ conflict. The longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history was seen after the cold war, in the 1990s. Originating in US defense networks, the

Innovations in Crude Oil Production Essay - 2300 Words

Innovations in Crude Oil Production The first oil well was drilled in 1859 by Edwin Drake. It burned to the ground several months later, but had it survived it would only have yielded around 20 barrels of oil per day, hardly a drop in today’s market.(â€Å"Story†) At the time however, it was considered a success and it began a revolution in oil production. Crude oil production in the world skyrocketed from a few hundred barrels of oil per day to 76 million today. (â€Å"International†) Of course, in the long term, this is not sustainable. In the near future however, it is the goal of the oil industry to continue this growth in order to continue to meet the world demand. Unlike the rest of the world, crude oil production in the US has†¦show more content†¦Examining the technological leaps made from early means of oil production to present day emerging technology shows a trend of increasing efficiency that suggests efforts to access this unrecoverable oil will succeed. Traditionally, oil production is a very inefficient process. To see this, examine a conventional oil well, which lacks most modern innovations. Means used to locate this well, such as 2D seismic imaging, were imprecise, so developing this well probably involved drilling and abandoning several so-called ‘dry holes’ where no oil was struck. The well itself consists of one vertically drilled hole. The structure and equipment surrounding the well take up a great deal of space. Only around 10% of the oil in the reservoir the well taps will be recovered. (â€Å"Enhanced†) Obviously, there is room for improvement in the efficiency of the well and in its environmental impact. The first major area of improvement is in the process used to locate sites for oil wells. The first really accurate way to do this was by employing 2D seismic technology. This still resulted in many dry holes. Using Shell and Amoco’s Foenhaven Oil Field as an example, only around 25-30% of the oil was recovered from wells located using the 2D technology. With the advent of 3D seismic locating technology, the depth of an oil pocket could be determined, and as a result far fewer dry holes were made, whichShow MoreRelatedJohn D Rockefellers Creation Of The Standard Oil Company And Oil Industry1166 Words   |  5 PagesStandard Oil Company and oil industry. First, we ll review entrepreneurial and economic genius that leads to Rockefeller’s entry into the oil industry. Second, we ll highlight how Standard Oil became the largest oil company in the United States. Next, the innovative products and procedures that Standard Oil creates to keep the company relevant throughout the era. Lastly, how the dissolution of Standard Oil paves the way for a diverse oil market with companies specializing in different productions. 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Shrewbury Business and Matketing Plan

Question: Discuss about the Shrewbury Business and Matketing Plan. Answer: Introduction: Background analysis of a business plan can also be the analysis of the current situation of the business and the market. Dillerup Stoi (2006) defines market analysis as the study that identifies the attractiveness and the changing nature of the specific market within an area. It involves the performance of SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis to identify the current situation of the market. It is the most important part of the business plan as it sets foundation through which all other components will follow in the entire plan. It helps to clearly identify what is happening in the market at the particular time. One should only include only that information that is considered important and relevant to the product or service to be offered. Churchill (2014) identifies three important that should be considered when performing the background analysis. First is the study of the current situation. The information necessary should be that which can hinder the success of the marketing activity like information about the competitors, whether the market is growing or declining or declining and in case there is room for innovation. Over the past years, Shrewsbury has been the center of many conflicts especially between Welsh and English. This has made its neighbors like Bayston Hill to prosper at the expense of Shrewsbury due to political instability. In 2009, town council of Shrewsbury was formed to stabilize as a way of stabilizing the town. Churchill (2014) adds that while performing the background analysis, it is important that the target group is identified; the demographics, psychographics, the market size and scope as well as their buying behavior and identified needs. This helps in deciding where the company will be built, the quantity to produce, and the compelling product to be provided. Shrewsbury has a population of about 100,000 which is a good number to start a business. A large metropolitan village, Battlefield covered by the parish of Shrewsbury has a large population of different groups of people. As a result, starting a business in Shrewsbury is a great opportunity for investors as the market is guaranteed and the climate is also favorable. Last but not least, an overview of the competitors has to be carried out and ensure a thorough understanding of them is known. The important aspects to be considered here include the position that the competitions hold in the market, their performance in the last years, their strengths and weaknesses which may influence your opportunities and bring threats to your business, their size, marketing communication activities and the distribution channel they have adopted. (Churchill, 2014). With more students coming to Shrewsbury, competition has been on the rise especially raising competitors like the Buttermarket situated in Shropshire which offer entertainment. Shrewsbury owns one of the largest horticultural sales in England and has a population of about 72,000 people (Destination Guide for Shrewsbury, 2007). This has however been increasing with the increasing number of students and birth rate. Competition is expected in all business but this cannot stop any investor. With the favorable climate of 76 to 100 centimeters average rainfall, horticultural farming is likely to grow even better. Customers are also expected to grow in number which means potential profit for any new investor. The competition is also not very stiff as most investors have not realized the opportunities yet. Marketing objectives Business Dictionary (2016) defines marketing objectives as the strategies or goals that a business set aside during its goods and services promotion to acting like a guideline of what should be met within a set period. The objectives should be SMART. This means they should be specific or accurate, measurable, achievable, realistic in nature and timely. The goals should not be underestimated or overestimated (Bogue, 2013). This study comes up with some of the marketing objectives that can be applied in Shrewsbury to help in building a healthy business. The first objective a business can consider is improving the products awareness (Kaho, 2016). It is important that the interest of an existing product is recovered for there are some customers who may have become ignorant of buying a product since little is said about the product. As a way of increasing awareness, the business will do advertisements in local and national televisions. This information will also be provided in the websites so it can be known globally. There will also be billboards and posters across the town and free samples will be given to interested customers including after sale services are to be offered like home delivery. Another important objective that a marketer should consider is acquiring new customers. When the customers are acquired quickly, they are most likely to influence other customers to purchase the product offered (Johnson, 2016). At the moment, mostly the original residents of Shrewsbury are aware of the horticultural market. This business will visit the University Centre Shrewsbury; convince the new students as well as continuing students. It has been realized that many students are joining the institution bringing the opportunity of acquiring new customers. They will then be provided with fliers containing the business details including the website where all the additional information can be generated. Besides, marketers can have the objective to improve stakeholders relations. The main reason why a business succeeds is that of its stakeholders. The marketers should, therefore, come up with strategies that will ensure that the stakeholders remain committed no matter how the situation may be. In Shrewsbury case, the marketers should ensure the farmers continue planting the flowers. They can even promote them by providing fertilizers for the flowers to improve yield and reducing the tax rate. Lastly is managing the brand. As Kaho (2016) suggests, marketers should maintain in the public mind their brand. The public should not reach a point where they are unable to differentiate between the products with those of the competitors. The major competitors identified are the Battlefield which offers entertainment. With the students being the major customers, this business will ensure they are convinced beyond reasonable doubt that flowers as opposed to entertainment are the best ways to make up for broken relationships, for example. The business will provide these products in strategic places like the university Centre gate. Marketing objectives are important aspect of a marketing plan and should, therefore, be considered with keenness. Without proper goals, the business may not succeed and therefore in case one is not able to come up with SMART objectives then an expert should be consulted for non-specific, immeasurable, non-achievable, unrealistic and untimely objectives will automatically make the business fall (Mckinney, 2016). The above objectives have already been tested and proved SMART. Defining the customer A customer according to the Business Dictionary (2016) is a person who acquires goods and services from the seller or supplier and has the freedom to decide between the available goods and sellers. Some business agencies focus on a mass market while others segment their market to come up with a specific target group. These are group of consumers that a business has set aside to focus its marketing strategies and all their (Kurtz, 2010). For the case of Shrewsbury, it is appropriate that the mass market approach will be the most appropriate. This is a strategy where a firm reaches the entire market as opposed to a specific target market (Business Dictionary, 2016). Most residents in Shrewsbury have reached the dating age while others are married and therefore they require horticultural products in one way or another. For this reason, it is unnecessary to segment the customers into a smaller niche. A persuasive marketing strategy is what should be adopted to ensure that all the potential and existing customers are convinced the products offered are the best (Lane et al. 2013). The business already has an idea of a persuasive advertising which will be aimed at convincing customers, mostly students, that broken relationship can be mended by a red rose flower. The business will also provide flower pots for free as an after sale service just as a way of persuading them to purchase your product. Mass market is also the most appropriate for most people in Shrewsbury own a television. This will, therefore, enable you to reach as many people as possible with the shotgun method (McDaniel et al. 2008). As a way of doing this, the business will have its own website where all its activities will be provided. The website will have a worldwide reach which will help increase the number of customers. Lastly, since the competition for horticultural products is high, with the mass market, a guerrilla marketing can be done where the customers are involved in branding the product (Bigat, 2012). A brand name will be generated and no product is to be sold without the brand name. While dealing with the customers, marketers should know to differentiate the internal customers from the external. Internal customers are directly involved with the business and may be internal to the organization such as the stakeholders, employees, and creditors (Blythe, 2008). External customers are not directly involved, for example, the government. The Shrewsbury town council will form the part of the external customers since the business will be paying tax to it. In conclusion, since the audience is large, there is a high probability of getting more customers than when the market is segmented into smaller niches. In the event that one or few customers withdraw from the market, there will still be others remaining to purchase the products. This plan is therefore appropriate as it will serve both the local customers and the international customers like tourists. References Bigat E.C (2012). Guerrilla Advertisement and Marketing. Social and Behavioral Sciences Blythe, Jim (2008). Essentials of Marketing. Pearson Education. Bogue R. (2013). Use S.M.A.R.T goals to launch management by objectives plan. TechRepublic Business dictionary (2016) (online) retrieved from www.businessdictionary.com/definition.html Churchill Z. (2014). Understanding the situation you are in with a background analysis. (online) available www.maxandbuddyconsulting.com.au/how-to-write-a-background-analysis Destination guide for Shrewsbury (2007) Dillerup R. and Stoi, R. (2006). Unternehmensfhrung. Mnchen: Vahlen Johnson S. 2016. Objectives in Marketing a New Product. (online). Available www.smallbusiness,chron.com/objectives-marketing-new-product retrieved on September 24, 2016 Kaho M. (2016). Examples of Marketing Objectives. (online). Available www.smallbusiness,chron.com/examples-marketing-objectives retrieved on September 24, 2016 Kurtz D. (2010). Contemporary Marketing Mason. South-Western Cengage Learning Lane R., Miller A.N., Brown C and Vilar N. (2013). An Examination of the Narative Persuasion with Epilogue through the lens of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Communication Quarterly McDaniel C, Hair J and Lamb Charles (2008). Essentials of Marketing. P 224 Mckinney P. (2016). What Are Marketing Objectives? - Examples Overview. (Online) Available www.study.com/lesson/what-are-marketing-objectives retrieved on September 24, 2016

The Inevitability of the Civil War an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Inevitability of the Civil War by Expert Sweet-Cathy | 27 Dec 2016 Introduction Need essay sample on "The Inevitability of the Civil War" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed A whole set of disagreements engaged the United States into a civil war, with slavery being the most contentious issue. The Missouri compromise, tariffs, nullification moods, Henry Clays compromise bill of 1832, and the Mexican War all those created favorable opportunities for the civil conflict and simultaneously made it impossible for the slavery and non-slavery states to engage into a full-scale war. Had the mentioned agreements and compromises been abolished or misbalanced, the states would finally pave the way to real military conflict. Students Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals: Idon't want to write my paper. Because I want to spend time with my family Essay writer professionals advise: Things Go Better Cheap Writing Services Best Essay Writing Service Review My Assignment Help Academic Writing Services Unfortunately, the growing number of bills and compromises left many issues unresolved and in many aspects, also led to another civil war. Obviously, even though the military at that time was not in its best shape, the opposition between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces would gradually grow enough to create a favorable military environment, with the civil war being the ultimate, but nevertheless the most effective and inevitable measure of resolving slavery tensions in the U.S. Throughout the course of its history, the U.S. engaged into numerous conflicts, seeking to resolve the issue of slavery. The Missouri compromise and the admission of Maine and Missouri to the U.S. territory signified the growing tensions between the north and the south, as well as the impossibility to find a common agreement on the most contentious political conflicts. Although the Louisiana Purchase had almost doubled the American territory, it was not before 1818 that the Missouri Territory applied for statehood (Forbes, 2007). Given the growing number of slave owners in Missouri, the latter could not be admitted as a non-slave state. However, such admission would have broken the balance between slave and non-slave states: the eleven slave and the eleven non-slave states had equal number of senators and governmental representatives, with this equality being fragile but nevertheless a necessary precondition for temporary political reconciliation. In the same way, Maine was refused admittance in 1819 (Forbes, 2007). In one of the his poems Timothy Claimright expressed the will of the growing political majority against making Maine a part of the U.S. If the South will not yield, to the West be it known, That Maine will declare for a King of her own; And three hundred thousand of freemen demand (Forbes, 2007). The conflict was heating the political tensions, which could have resulted in a real civil conflict, if not for the Missouri Compromise brought to life in 1820. Under the Compromise, Missouri was admitted to the U.S. as a slave state, while Maine was granted statehood as a free state (Forbes, 2007). True, the Missouri Compromise made it possible to maintain the existing balance between slave and non-slave states, but it left the issue of slavery unresolved; and as a result, the civil war remained as possible and inevitable, as all further conflicts and disagreements associated with the need to abolish slavery in the United States. It would be fair to say that the growing civil tensions were not limited to slavery, and were also caused by a whole set of economic controversies. For many years since the time of Alexander Hamilton, the United States economy had been ruled by a system of tariffs designed to protect the growing American industry from external influence. The Tariff of 1789, as well as the Tariff of 1816 established a new set of price relationships, to make the American goods more competitive in foreign markets (Wait, 2002). Tariffs would have probably remained an acceptable form of economic regulation if not for the Tariff of 1824, which brought the conflict between the North and the South to the surface. Still, it was only in 1828 that the Tariff of Abominations was passed to impose a 62% tax on 92% of all goods imported from Europe (Wait, 2002). The tariff severely hit the whole economy of the South, which heavily depended on the imports of cotton from Britain. The Tariff of 1828 ignited the conflict between the senators, who either voted for protectionism or viewed tariffs as the form of economic discrimination. Daniel Webster was confident that if the U.S. citizens were not satisfied with the then state of political and economic affairs, they could have the right to sue the federal government or to seek the means to initiate amendments into the Constitution; for President Jackson, however, the issue of nullification stood out as the measure needed to preserve the union: Our Union: It must be preserved (Wait, 2002). Neither the Tariffs of 1832 and 1833 nor the Tariff of 1842 could improve the economic situation in the U.S. The north and the south interpreted economic changes initiated by the government as the federal striving to promote inequalities among slave and non-slave states. Not only did the Tariffs leave the most problematic issues intact, but they also created an atmosphere, in which any civil conflict could be the only relevant source of political and economic agreement. To some extent, Daniel Webster might have been correct in that nullification as a political doctrine could not lead to anything beyond anarchy and civil war. On the other hand, the southern states were given no other chance to balance their economic interests with the then realities. Nullification was expected to give unsatisfied states that deemed themselves oppressed by a law of Congress the right to declare this law null and void and to release their citizens from the duty of obedience (Freehling, 1966), but in no way could nullification guarantee the constitutionality of actions initiated by states. South Carolina went far enough to declare the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832 null and void, with the state raising an army to reduce nullification trends that threatened the states integrity (Freehling, 1966). This is where Jackson finally realized the real threat of nullification, and that nullification made the real military conflict as real as never before was obvious.The tariffs, the nullification crisis, and the preceding legislative attempts to bring in political balance, consent, and agreement did not lead to any positive results, and could not resolve all economic and political issues altogether, unless the issue of slavery was resolved. That was not possible without engaging northern and southern states in a military opposition, due to the fact that only predominance and military force could confirm the relevance of non-slavery, and could guarantee that slave states gave up their positions for the sake of democracy, freedom, and equal rights. Objectively, it was due to the fact that neither of the opposing political parties was ready to surrender to the growing political tensions. Moreover, it was due to the fact that the legislative acts designed and passed by Congress in the 19th century not only left many issues unresolved, but also created a whole set of related controversies. The federal intervention and nullification crises only confirmed the existing dramatic differences between the American north and south. Moreover, the federal military intervention and the political decision to grant the military the right to collect taxes was the starting point of military mobilization in the U.S., which gradually expanded during the new Mexican-American War (1846-1848). In many ways, the Mexican War was, indeed, the forerunner of the Civil War, for most of the great warriors of 1861-1865 actually had their first taste of battle, and tested their character, in the Mexican War (Henry, 1990). Again, the Mexican War resulted in the growing dominion over the Mexican lands that became a part of the U.S., and here the issue of slavery became the cornerstone on the American way to prosperity; and again, it was obvious that political agreement was not possible. The United States was going through a terrible economic crisis; the whole nation was morally torn between the two opposing beliefs; Jacksons violent victory over South Carolina could not go without an acute military response; finally, the 40 years of the compromise did not resolve, but worked to conceal the existing slavery issues. To pretend that the fight between slavery and non-slavery was a normal political state was no longer possible. Throughout the 19th century, it was due to military actions that the U.S. managed to resolve its most problematic issues and to eliminate its most problematic spots. The Mexican War and the Civil War proved and confirmed the relevance of military mechanisms of political resolution, where the opposing sides of the issue were too reluctant to look for a peaceful agreement. Given the seriousness of slavery issues, as well as the consequences to which they led, the Civil War was inevitable. Moreover, had Civil War been prevented, the United States would hardly come to exemplify freedom and democracy of political ideals in the modern world. Conclusion The Civil War was the inevitable consequence of the slavery conflicts in the 19th century America. The growing economic tensions, the system of tariffs, the growing misbalance between pro-slavery and anti-slavery movements, as well as the persistent states reluctance to seek common agreement and to sacrifice their own ideals and ambitions for the sake of the common peace did not leave any place for choice, but made the Civil War the only relevant instrument of political resolution. Throughout the course of the 19th century, the United States was persistently trying to balance the interests of several political parties, but only the bloody military conflict could confirm the dominance of anti-slavery principles in America. References Forbes, R.P. (2007). The Missouri Compromise and its aftermath: Slavery & the meaning of America. UNC Press. Freehling, W.W. (1966). Prelude to the Civil War: The nullification controversy in South Carolina, 1816-1836. Harper & Row. Henry, R.S. (1990). The story of the Mexican War. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, Co. Wait, E.M. (2002). The second Jackson administration. Nova Publishers.

Art in culture essays

Art in culture essays Art is an expression of a particular person, or group of people. Art can have a large effect on culture, as it can be symbolic of traits, morals, and religious characteristics. An artist is defined as a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination.1 That sensitivity and imagination is what can make a culture. Artists have the ability to manipulate the form of their art therefore manipulating the experience of that art.2 Art is everywhere ; it is in the car we drive, the magazine we read, and in the food that we eat. Art is something that influences many parts of our lives. Art is what drives us to be creative. To make a car better, we need to have an impeccable design. To build a better house, we have to have an imagination to construct. Art is in everything around us whether it is the car we drive or the house we go home to, it is someones artwork. It took someones creativity and thought to fabricate the masterpiece. The arts provide a way for people to explore new possibilities to notice the world.2 Art defines a culture because culture is a pattern of behaviors, ideas, and values shared by a group.3 Without art, what is a culture? A way of life? Culture is sometimes defined as the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group.1 Some would come to the conclusion that there isnt culture without art. If you take away all man made things, do you have culture left? Culture is an expression, and without art, there is nothing left but survival. Art offers a type of release, whether through song, paint, clay, or simply writing in a diary. Everyone has a passion for a type of work, whether it be crunching numbers on a calculator or spraying paint all over a canvas. Everyone likes to think that their work shows sensitivity and imagination. People also like to strive to ...

Black resistance to slavery essays

Black resistance to slavery essays African-Americans resisted slavery in a couple of different ways. They had slave uprisings, spoke out against slavery, and also they ran away from slavery through the Underground Railroad. One way more than the rest helped the white community to realize that the African-Americans were willing to give up their lives for this cause. That these were people, not animals and that a war was on its way. This was shown through the numerous slave revolts. Denmark Vesey was sold first as a slave in 1781 to a Bermuda captain named Joseph Vesey (Denmark Vesey 1). Denmark assumed his masters surname and accompanied him on numerous voyages, and in 1783 Denmark settled with his owner in Charleston (Denmark Vesey 1). Denmark won a street lottery and he bought his own freedom (Denmark Vesey 1). He then became a carpenter and he had trouble working with all of the other white workers (Denmark Vesey 1). He was an educated man and he already knew of the great Haitian slave revolt of the 1790s (Denmark Vesey 1). He resented the continued enslavement of his children and his second class treatment on the job (Denmark Vesey 1). He was determined to do something about slavery and the overall treatment of African-Americans (Denmark Vesey 1). Vesey planned and organized an uprising of city and plantation blacks (Denmark Vesey 1). The plan called for the rebels to attack guardhouses and arsenals, seize their arms, kill whites, burn and dest roy the city, and free the slaves on the night of June 16, 1822 (Denmark Vesey 1). As many as 9,000 blacks may have been involved with this plan (Denmark Vesey 1). The only problem was that a house servant over heard the plan and brought it to white authorities (Denmark Vesey 1). These authorities made massive military preparations, which prevented the insurrection (&qu...

Colonial America's Most Wanted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colonial America's Most Wanted - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that slaves had a tendency to run away from their masters if they got a chance. In order to recapture escaped slaves, their masters would advertise details relating to the slave in highly descriptive forms so that they slaves could be captured and returned. The bounty for the slaves depended on the distance from their master’s property and how much the master valued a particular slave. Similarly, people who captured slaves would also advertise to return slaves to their owners in order to get rewarded. The runaway slave advertisements were often very descriptive. These details can be utilised to surmise historical facts from these advertisements. Various compilations of these advertisements exist but perhaps the most famous one are those compiled from various Virginia newspapers during the 18th and 19th centuries. Subtle differences exist between runaway slave advertisements from various regions and periods as well as from various new spapers. These differences can be used to elucidate differing attitudes and functions of slaves and slave owners around the United States. Evidence is referenced here and comparisons have been drawn in order to highlight regional variations in slavery and servitude in colonial America. After going through a number of advertisements for runaway slaves, the first thing to notice is that slaves could be other than African American too. There are references to native Indian, partially Spanish and other ethnic slaves who had escaped too. (Radford University) Reference may be made here to an advertisement in The Boston Newsletter dated July 23rd, 1716 for â€Å"an Indian named Min†. Similarly, another advertisement from The New York Gazette dated to October 2nd, 1749 concerns â€Å"a Spanish Mulatto fellow named George†. However, another thing to notice is the fact that slaves with ethnicities other than African American are more distinctly available in the coastal strips of the United States. Furthermore, other than regularly captured and sold out slaves from African jungles, certain slaves were previously free men. The previous advertisement for the Spanish man declares that he was previously a privateer. (Radford University) Again the slaves found in the south and Middle America regions were distinctly slaves for generations and were African American in ethnicity. These free men turned slaves are more distinctly noticeable in coastal American states especially New York and Boston that served as major harbours. Demographic differences also exist in the usage of slaves from state to state. While the plantation owners used slaves largely for tending to the crop and other such affairs, the slaves in the more urbanised backgrounds were house hold helpers. The slaves who helped out on farms were diverse in terms of their professions. While it is believed that most slaves on plantations were merely farm labourers, but slaves were employed elsewhere as well . There are advertisements for black smiths, chimney sweepers, wood workers, shoe makers etc. One such example is of an advertisement placed in The New York Gazette on September 25th, 1749 relating a runaway slave who â€Å"is a chimney sweeper†. Another similar example comes from an advertisement in The American Weekly Mercury on October 16th, 1729 where a runaway slave with the name of Mulato John is declared to be a â€Å"Shipwright by Trade†. In comparison, most runaway slave advertisements from the urban centres were for house workers. (Radford University) In terms of gender, most of the household slaves were young females. Most advertisements point to this fact. On such advertisement from The New York Gazette from November 13th, 1732 is about a slave girl named Sarah aged 24 years working in a home. Another advertiseme